NAMA : MOHAMMAD MIRSAD
NPM : 28211818
KELAS: 3EB09
Test of English as a Foreign Language
Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL is a standardised test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers wishing to enroll in U.S. universities. The test is accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS.
TOEFL is a trademark of ETS (Educational Testing Service), a private non-profit organisation, which designs and administers the tests. The scores are valid for two years; then they are no longer reported.
History
In 1962, a
national council made up of representatives of thirty government and private
organizations was formed to address the problem of ensuring English language
proficiency for non-native speakers wishing to study at U.S. universities. This
council recommended the development and administration of the TOEFL exam for
the 1963-1964 time frame.
The test was
originally developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics
under the direction of Stanford University applied linguistics
professor Dr. Charles A. Ferguson.
The TOEFL
test was first administered in 1964 by the Modern Language Association financed by
grants from the Ford Foundation and Danforth Foundation.
In 1965, The College
Board and ETS jointly assumed responsibility for the continuation of
the TOEFL testing program.
In 1973, a
cooperative arrangement was made between ETS, The College Board, and the Graduate Record Examinations board of
advisers to oversee and run the program. ETS was to administer the exam with
the guidance of the TOEFL board.
To the
present day, college admission criteria for international students who are Commonwealth of Nations nationals are
exempted from taking the TOEFL exam - nations which are part of the Anglosphere
(from Commonwealth realms to former British colonies e.g. Hong Kong SAR or
former protectorates of the United States) where English is the de facto
official language automatically grants a TOEFL exemption with some restrictions
(e.g. residents of Quebec are required to take TOEFL while the rest of Canada
is exempt).
Internet-based test
Since its introduction in late 2005, the TOEFL Internet-based Test (iBT) format has progressively replaced the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The TOEFL iBT test has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.Initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates had to wait for months. It is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries. The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills), and all tasks focus on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed during the TOEFL iBT test. The test cannot be taken more than once every 12 days.
- Reading
The
Reading section consists of questions on 4–6 passages, each approximately 700
words in length. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of
material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages
require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect,
compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas,
details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary,
rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the TOEFL iBT
test require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the
subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.
- Listening
The
Listening section consists of questions on six passages, each 3–5 minutes in
length. These passages include two student conversations and four academic
lectures or discussions. The conversations involve a student and either a
professor or a campus service provider. The lectures are a self-contained
portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and
does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each
conversation and lecture passage is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes
while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the
questions. Each conversation is associated with five questions and each lecture
with six. The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main
ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas,
organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker attitude.
- Speaking
The
Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent and four integrated. In
the two independent tasks, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar
topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey
their ideas clearly and coherently. In two of the integrated tasks, test-takers
read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation
about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information
from the text and the talk. In the two remaining integrated tasks, test-takers
listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and
then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks,
test-takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and
effectively convey information from the reading and listening material.
Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to
help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation time
before they have to begin speaking. The responses are digitally recorded, sent
to ETS’s Online Scoring Network (OSN), and evaluated by three to six raters.
- Writing
The
Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting
and consists of two tasks: one integrated and one independent. In the
integrated task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then
listen to a speaker discuss it. The test-taker then writes a summary about the
important points in the listening passage and explains how these relate to the
key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, the test-taker must
write an essay that states their opinion or choice, and then explain it, rather
than simply listing personal preferences or choices. Responses are sent to the
ETS OSN and evaluated by at least 3 different raters.
Task
|
Description
|
Approximate time
|
Reading
|
3–5
passages, each containing 12–14 questions
|
60–100
minutes
|
Listening
|
6–9
passages, each containing 5–6 questions
|
60–90
minutes
|
Break
|
Mandatory
break
|
10
minutes
|
Speaking
|
6
tasks
|
20
minutes
|
Writing
|
2
tasks
|
50
minutes
|
Paper-based Test
The TOEFL® paper-based Test (PBT) is available in limited areas. Scores are valid for two years after the test date, and test takers can have their scores sent to institutions or agencies during that time.[11]- Listening (30 – 40 minutes)
The
Listening section consists of 3 parts. The first one contains 30 questions
about short conversations. The second part has 8 questions about longer
conversations. The last part asks 12 questions about lectures or talks.
- Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)
The
Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises of completing
sentences correctly and 25 exercises of identifying errors.
- Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)
The
Reading Comprehension sections has 50 questions about reading passages.
- Writing (30 minutes)
The
TOEFL PBT administrations include a writing test called the Test of Written
English (TWE). This is one essay question with 250–300 words in average.
Test scores
TOEFL iBT Test
- The TOEFL iBT test is scored on a scale of 0 to 120 points.
- Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a scaled score from 0 to 30. The scaled scores from the four sections are added together to determine the total score.
- Each speaking question is initially given a score of 0 to 4, and each writing question is initially given a score of 0 to 5. These scores are converted to scaled scores of 0 to 30.
Paper-based Test
- The final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677 and is based on three subscores: Listening (31–68), Structure (31–68), and Reading (31–67). Unlike the CBT, the score of the Writing component (referred to as the Test of Written English, TWE) is not part of the final score; instead, it is reported separately on a scale of 0–6.
- The score test takers receive on the Listening, Structure and Reading parts of the TOEFL test is not the percentage of correct answers. The score is converted to take into account the fact that some tests are more difficult than others. The converted scores correct these differences. Therefore, the converted score is a more accurate reflection of the ability than the raw score is.
Accepted TOEFL Scores
Most colleges use TOEFL scores as only one factor in their admission process, with a college or program within a college often setting a minimum TOEFL score required. The minimum TOEFL iBT scores range from 61 (Bowling Green State University) to 100 (MIT, Columbia, Harvard). A sampling of required TOEFL admissions scores shows that a total TOEFL iBT score of 74.2 for undergraduate admissions and 82.6 for graduate admissions may be required.ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT and PBT scores.
TOEFL ITP Tests
TOEFL ITP tests are paper-based and use academic content to evaluate the English-language proficiency of non-native English speakers. The tests use new and previously administered TOEFL test questions and are used for placement, progress, evaluation, exit testing and other situations. The test scores, format and content of the test matches the "TOEFL PBT",with the exception of not including the TWE (Test of Written Expression).Unlike the TOEFL iBT and PBT tests, TOEFL ITP tests are administered by the institution and for internal use. It should not replace the need for the TOEFL iBT test, which is administered securely and includes Speaking and Writing components. There are two levels of TOEFL ITP: Level 1 (intermediate to advanced) and Level 2 (high beginning to intermediate).TOEFL ITP scores are mapped to the CEFR and test takers are provided with a certificate of achievement.
TOEFL Junior Tests
ETS also offers the TOEFL Junior tests, a general assessment of middle school-level English-language proficiency. It is intended for students aged 11–14. The tests are administered in two formats: TOEFL Junior Standard (on paper) and TOEFL Junior Comprehensive (via computer). The TOEFL Junior Standard test has three sections: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension and Language Form and Meaning. The TOEFL Junior Comprehensive test has four: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Speaking and Writing. TOEFL Junior scores are mapped to the CEFR and test takers are provided with a certificate of achievement.Linking TOEFL iBT Scores to IELTS Scores
IELTS Score
|
TOEFL Score
|
9
|
118-120
|
8.5
|
115-117
|
8
|
110-114
|
7.5
|
102-109
|
7
|
94-101
|
6.5
|
79-93
|
6
|
60-78
|
5.5
|
46-59
|
5
|
35-45
|
4.5
|
32-34
|
0-4
|
0-31
|
FACTS OF TOEFL
More than 27
million people from all over the world have taken the TOEFL test to demonstrate
their English-language proficiency. The average English skill level ranges
between Intermediate and Advanced.
- Students planning to study at a higher education institution
- English-language learning program admissions and exit
- Scholarship and certification candidates
- English-language learners who want to track their progress
- Students and workers applying for visas
The TOEFL® Test Gives You Advantages
More Choices
More than 9,000 colleges, universities and agencies in more than 130 countries rely on TOEFL® test scores to help make admissions decisions.More Convenient
You can take the TOEFL test at your choice of more than 4,500 conveniently located test sites in more than 165 countries worldwide. You also save time and money since the entire test is given in one day, rather than coming back a second day like some other tests.Measures Academic Skills
The TOEFL test helps prove you have the English skills you will actually use in an academic classroom. In the test, you may read a passage from a textbook and listen to a lecture and then speak or write in response, just like you would in a classroom. Because the test is composed of 100% academic questions and tasks, many universities consider it the most appropriate test to use when making admissions decisions.Rates Speaking More Fairly
Sure, you can take a test with a Speaking interview, but what if your interviewer has a bad day and rates you lower than you deserve? With the TOEFL test, there's no doubt your score is more objective and reliable, because Speaking responses are recorded and evaluated by three to six ETS raters rather than only one rater from a local testing site.Scores Help You Stand Out
TOEFL test scores help you stand out because of the TOEFL test's reputation for quality, fairness and 100% academic content. It is the most widely accepted English-language test in the world, including more than 9,000 colleges, universities, agencies and other institutions in 130 countries. And that list includes the top 100 universities in the world.By sending TOEFL scores to your selected university, you will be proving that you are ready for academic success.
References :
http://www.ets.org/toefl/ibt/about
https://www.ets.org/toefl/why?WT.ac=toeflhome_why_121127
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language
Komentar
Posting Komentar